Cloning plants using tissue culture:
- Plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned. Small pieces (explants)are taken out from the tips of the stem and the sides of the shoot
- They are then sterilised to kill any bacteria
- The explants are then grown in vitro - placed into a petri dish containing a nutrient medium (agar) Has all the nutrients to help it grow and austin hormone
- Cells in explant divide and grow into a small plant
- Small plant is taken out of medium and planted in the soil and put into greenhouses so they share the same characteristics as the original
- There is agar jelly inside which has nutrients (NPK, Mg, Ca, S and Auxin hormones) to help the cells to divide and grow
- Can be used to produce commercial quantities of identical plants
Cloning an adult mammal (dolly the sheep):
- A body (somantic) cell of Sheep A is taken out as it is the sheep we want to clone and the nucleus is taken out (enucleated) and kept
- Then the egg cell of another sheep, Sheep B is taken out, because egg cells can adjust and differentiate (change into different types) and then the nucleus is taken out and thrown away
- Nucleus of Sheep A is put into the egg cell of Sheep B
- This egg cell works like a normal fertilised egg and when it is stimulated with an electric shock it divides (by mitosis) and forms an embryo
- Once it forms a small embryo it is inserted into the uterus of a different sheep, Sheep C- with a different phenotype to prove that the cloning worked
- The embryo developed normally and was born as a Clone of the first sheep (A).
Paper Two- Pros and Cons:
Pros-
Help cure diseases by transferring genes into food and giving it to people
Could make it possible to have organ transplants by cloning organs
Useful genetics are passed on to offspring
Cons-
Cloned animals might not be as healthy as normal ones
Might be consequences that we're not aware of
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